MOʻOLELO O NĀ HOʻOHANA ʻANA O TUNGSTEN
Hiki ke hoʻopili maʻalahi ʻia nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tungsten i ʻehā mau kahua: nā kemika, ke kila a me nā super alloys, nā filaments, a me nā carbides.
1847: Hoʻohana ʻia nā paʻakai Tungsten e hana i ka pulupulu kala a e hana i nā lole i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana keaka a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe e pale aku i ke ahi.
1855: Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana Bessemer, e ʻae ana i ka hana nui ʻana o ke kila. I ka manawa like, ke hana ʻia nei nā kila tungsten mua ma Austria.
1895: Ua noiʻi ʻo Thomas Edison i ka hiki o nā mea ke fluoresce i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai i nā kukuna X, a ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻo ka calcium tungstate ka mea kūpono loa.
1900: Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kila wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, kahi hui kūikawā o ke kila a me ka tungsten, ma ka Hōʻikeʻike Honua ma Palisa. Mālama ia i kona paʻakikī i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana a me ka mīkini.
1903: ʻO nā filaments i loko o nā kukui a me nā kukui uila ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka tungsten i hoʻohana i kona kiko heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa a me kona conductivity uila. ʻO ka pilikia wale nō? Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo mua he palupalu loa ka tungsten no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.
1909: Ua holomua ʻo William Coolidge a me kāna hui ma General Electric ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana e hana ai i nā filament tungsten ductile ma o ka mālama wela kūpono a me ka hana mechanical.
1911: Ua kālepa ʻia ke Kaʻina Hana Coolidge, a i loko o ka manawa pōkole, ua pālahalaha nā kukui tungsten a puni ka honua i lako me nā uea tungsten ductile.
1913: ʻO ka nele o nā daimana ʻoihana ma Kelemania i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II ua alakaʻi i nā mea noiʻi e ʻimi i kahi koho ʻē aʻe i nā make daimana, i hoʻohana ʻia e huki i ka uea.
1914: “ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo o kekahi poʻe loea koa Allied i loko o ʻeono mahina e pau ana nā pōkā o Kelemania. Ua ʻike koke nā Allies e hoʻonui ana ʻo Kelemania i kāna hana ʻana i nā mea kaua a no kekahi manawa ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana a nā Allies. ʻO ka hoʻololi ma muli o kāna hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila tungsten wikiwiki a me nā mea ʻoki tungsten. I ka pīhoihoi o ka poʻe Pelekane, ʻo ka tungsten i hoʻohana ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ma hope mai, ua hele nui mai kā lākou mau Mines Cornish ma Cornwall.” – Mai ka puke 1947 a KC Li "TUNGSTEN"
1923: Ua waiho kahi ʻoihana kukui uila Kelemania i kahi palapala hoʻopaʻa no ka tungsten carbide, a i ʻole ka metala paʻakikī. Hana ʻia ia ma ka "hoʻopaʻa ʻana" i nā hua tungsten monocarbide (WC) paʻakikī loa i loko o kahi matrix binder o ka metala cobalt paʻakikī ma o ka sintering pae wai.
Ua hoʻololi ka hopena i ka mōʻaukala o ka tungsten: kahi mea e hoʻohui i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he paʻakikī loa ka tungsten carbide, ʻo ka mea kūlohelohe wale nō e hiki ke kahakaha iā ia he daimana. (ʻO Carbide ka hoʻohana nui loa no ka tungsten i kēia lā.)
1930s: Ua kū mai nā noi hou no nā hui tungsten i loko o ka ʻoihana aila no ka hydrotreating o nā aila maka.
1940: Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hao, nickel, a me ka cobalt, e hoʻopiha i ka pono no kahi mea e hiki ke kū i nā mahana kupaianaha o nā ʻenekini jet.
1942: I ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo ka poʻe Kelemania ka poʻe mua i hoʻohana i ka tungsten carbide core i nā projectiles piercing pale kaua wikiwiki. Ua aneane "heʻe" nā kaʻa kaua Pelekane i ka wā i pā ʻia ai e kēia mau projectiles tungsten carbide.
1945: ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā kukui incandescent i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 795 miliona ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
1950s: I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka tungsten i loko o nā superalloys e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana.
1960s: Ua hānau ʻia nā mea hoʻoulu hou e loaʻa ana nā hui tungsten e mālama i nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka ʻoihana aila.
1964: ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono a me ka hana ʻana o nā kukui incandescent e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi nui o ke kukui ma kahi o kanakolu, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kumukūʻai i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana kukui a Edison.
2000: I kēia manawa, ua huki ʻia ma kahi o 20 biliona mika o ke kaula kukui i kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi lōʻihi e like me kahi o 50 mau manawa o ka mamao o ka honua-mahina. Hoʻopau ke kukui i 4% a me 5% o ka huina o ka hana tungsten.
TUNGSTEN I KĒIA LĀ
I kēia lā, ua pālahalaha loa ka tungsten carbide, a ʻo kāna mau noi e pili ana i ka ʻoki ʻana i ka metala, ka mīkini ʻana i ka lāʻau, nā plastics, nā composites, a me nā keramika palupalu, ka hana ʻana me ka ʻole o ka chip (wela a me ke anu), ka hana mining, ke kūkulu ʻana, ka ʻeli ʻana i ka pōhaku, nā ʻāpana kūkulu, nā ʻāpana komo a me nā ʻāpana koa.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kila kila tungsten i ka hana ʻana o nā nozzles mīkini rocket, pono e loaʻa nā waiwai kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā super-alloys e loaʻa ana ka tungsten i nā lau turbine a me nā ʻāpana a me nā uhi pale ʻaʻahu.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa like, ua pau ke au o ke kukui uila incandescent ma hope o 132 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaka nei lākou e hoʻopau loa ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-29-2021
